Education

1. University

Institution		Faculty of Science, "Eötvös Lóránd" Univ., Budapest, Hungary.
Date:	from to	1974 1979
Degree of Diploma obtained		M.Sc. in Teaching Biology and Chemistry.
Institution:		Faculty of Science, "Eötvös Lóránd" Univ., Budapest, Hungary.
Date:		1985
Degree of Diploma obtained		Dr. Univ. in Biology
Institution:		University of Debrecen, Hungary
Date:		2002
Degree of Diploma obtained		Ph. D. in Environmental Sciences

2. Fellowships

Institution		Agricultural University of Wageningen.
Date:	from to	October, 1983 December, 1983
Topic		Phosphorus adsorption in lake sediments.
Institutions		Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Water Research Center, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
Date:	from to	August, 1991 November, 1991
Topics		Use of isolated bacterial strains for treating landfill leachate. Hydrobiological investigation on Lake Jack , Ontario, Canada.

2. Awards

Kvassay Jenő foundation "For Science"Award (2002)

Skills

Key qualifications

I have 25 years of professional experience in the field of water quality management of lakes and reservoirs. I have worked on a number of different international and local projects involving control of eutrophication of surface waters, environmental impact assessment, development of remote sensing methods for water quality monitoring, development of water and wastewater treatment procedures and new analytical methods, studies of impacts of global warming on water quality, using natural systems for sewage treatment, biological degradation of chlorinated benzoic acids, river basin management, wetland management, etc. My special interest includes control of eutrophication, planning of water quality monitoring system for water quality management, environmental impact assessment, ecotoxicology and application of biotechnics for improving water quality of surface waters. I have extended project management experience: I was the leader of several major Hungarian research programs. I provided expert services to UNDP, World Bank, the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization (U.N. FAO), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Hydrochemical Institute in Rostov-on-Don. I was involved in several PHARE projects carried out in Hungary. My research work was extended to the following Hungarian water bodies: Lake Balaton, Lake Velence, Lake Hévíz, Lake Tata, several gravel pits, Kisköre reservoir, Gébártreservoir, Kis-Balaton reservoir, River Danube, River Tisza. The investigated foreign water bodies were the followings. River Don (Russia), River Donietz (Russia), Azov Sea (Russia), Lake Baikal (Russia), River Sau Bartolomeu (Brazil), Guanabara Bay (Brazil), Lake Jack (Canada). He is involved in the implementation of EU Water Framework Directive in Hungary.

Language skills

Language	Reading	Speaking	Writing
Hungarian	Mother tongue	Mother tongue	Mother tongue
English	5	5	4
Russian	3	3	2

Note: Scale: 1-5, 1: Poor, 5: Excellent

Computer skills

Word, Quattro Pro for Windows, Word Perfect, Power Point, Excel

Curriculum Vitae

Date	from to	May, 1997 present
Location		Budapest, Hungary
Company		Budapest University of Technology and Economics Faculty of Civil Engineering Department Sanitary and Environmental Engineering
Position		Associate Professor
Description		As an expert I am responsible for running courses for students on the field of environmental sciences (Hydrobiology, Ecology, Ecological Engineering). I give lectures for postgraduate fellows in the above mentioned topics. I am responsible for M.Sc. thesis work of several students. I did consultancy services for UNDP to improve the water quality of Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. As an expert I was involved in the PHARE Project entitled "Nutrient Balance for Danube basin Countries (EU/AR/102A/91)". As a wetland expert I participated in the project which aimed at revision of the existing plans for the Lower Reservoir of the Kis-Balaton Wetland System, Hungary. I am involved in the implementation procedure of Water Framework Directive in Hungary

Date	from to	December, 1990 present
Location		Budapest, Hungary
Company		ÖkoTech Environmental Consulting Ltd
Position		Managing Director
Description		As an expert I was involved in a World Bank Project studying the potential application of natural systems for sewage treatment in the former socialist countries. I provided expert services for IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria in the field of water quality impacts of global warming. As a Project Manager, I was the leader of a number of Hungarian research and consultancy projects such as water quality management of Lake Tata, Lake Hévíz, Dunaharaszti lakes and Gébárt Reservoir. I carried out project management activity for Mid-Transdanubian Water Authority concerning the biological nutrient cycles investigations on Kis-Balaton Wetland System, the effects of dredging on water quality of Keszthely Bay, Lake Balaton. I completed a 35-year summary of the research work carried out in Lake Velence

Date:	from to	June, 1992 November, 1994
Location		Budapest, Hungary
Company		VITUKI Consult plc
Position		Senior Research Fellow
Description		As a natural protection or water quality expert I was involved in two PHARE Projects, the Drava River Basin Programme and the Environmental Audit for the Hazardous Waste Disposal Site of Pécs Tannery. The objective of the second project was to determine if the present temporary landfill could be reclassified as a permanent hazardous waste dumping ground or be allowed to continue to operate as a transitory storage facility under licence from the Local Environmental Directorate. The costs of any improved engineering containment were to be presented, and where such costs may render continued operation too expensive, proposals made for the fate of the landfill facility. He was the co-manager of this project. As a Project Manager, I managed a variety of research project such as biological activity measurements in the River Danube and its river branches, investigation on potential impacts of global warming on water quality of lakes and reservoirs, and provided consulting in planning and construction of reed-bed sewage treatment systems.

Date:	from (month/year) to (month/year)	September, 1990 June, 1992
Location		Budapest, Hungary
Company		Water Resources Research Centre (VITUKI), Institute for Water Pollution Control
Position		Senior Research Fellow
Description		As a U.N. FAO consultant I was involved in an international project for development of water supply in Brasilia (Brazil). The scope of the work done within this project was to give advices in a reservoir construction on the Sao Bartolomeu river in order to get appropriate amount and the best quality of water for the future drinking water demands of Brasilia. I was responsible for integration of research results achieved in the period of 1985-1990 on Lake Balaton and its catchment. As a Project Manager, I was involved in a study on algal physiology by chemostat and turbidostat for controlling eutrophication of lakes. I participated in River Danube Project as a Manager of a hydrobiological sub-project.

Date:	from to	January, 1988 September, 1990
Location		Budapest, Hungary
Company		Water Resources Research Centre (VITUKI), Institute for Water Pollution Control
Position		Head of Biological Cycles Research Group
Description		I managed a number of projects concerning eutrophication control, hydrological investigation of Lake Balaton, impact assessment of the water quality control measures carried out for Lake Velence.

Date	from to	January, 1985 January, 1988
Location		Budapest, Hungary
Company		Water Resources Research Centre (VITUKI), Institute for Water Pollution Control
Position		Deputy Head, Section of Hydrobiology
Description		As a Project Manager, I was involved in development of new water purification methods for drinking water and waste water treatment (nitrate, nitrite and ammonia removal), integration of the research concerning the Kis-Balaton water quality protecting wetland system constructed by the River Zala for controlling eutrophication of Lake Balaton, development of remote sensing methods for water quality monitoring of Lake Balaton and the Kisköre reservoir.

Date:	from to	August, 1979 January, 1985
Location		Budapest, Hungary
Company		Water Resources Research Centre (VITUKI), Institute for Water Pollution Control
Position		Research Fellow
Description		As a Project Manager, I was involved in internal phosphorus loading estimates for Lake Balaton, control of eutrophication of Hungarian lakes and reservoirs (Lake Balaton, Kisköre Reservoir, Lake Velence). I participated in the Shallow Lake Eutrophication Program under the leadership of International Institute for Applied Systems Analyses (Laxenburg, Austria), development of coupled hydrodynamic and biochemical models jointly with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, U.S.A., development of remote sensing methods for water quality monitoring jointly with Hydrochemical Institute, Rostov-on-Don, U.S.S.R..

Publications

Orbán, V., Szilágyi, F. (2005): Alkalmazott hidrobiológia (Applied Hydrobiology). - Szent István Egyetem jegyzete

Szilágyi F. (2004): A természet-közeli szennyvíztisztítás: Áldás vagy átok? (Natural sewage treatment: Is it appropriate or not?. - Vízügyi Panoráma 12., 2004/1: 9-14.

Lakatos, G., Tóth, A., Paksi, V., Szilágyi, F. (2002): Az EU szintű ökológiai állapot (státusz) követelményei felszíni vizek esetén (WFD conform ecological status in surface waters) . - EU konform mezőgazd. és élelmiszerbiztonság, Debrecen. 297-299.

Szilágyi F. (2002): Előzetes javaslat az EU Víz Keretirányelvének megfelelő hazai felszíni víztér tipológia elemeire (Preliminary proposal for Hungarian surface water typology). – In: WWF Magyarország, Budapest: Az EU víz keretirányelvének bevezetése a Dráva vízgyűjtőjén

Szilágyi F. (2002): Az eutrofizálódás és szabályozása (Control of Eutrophication). – Ph. D. értekezés (Dissertation), Debreceni Egyetem (University of Debrecen)

Szilágyi F. (2001): Állóvizeink vízminőségi problémái hasznosításukkal összefüggésben. - In: Somlyódy L. (szerk.): A hazai vízgazdálkodás stratégiai kérdései MTA kiadvány sorozat (in press).

Smith, S., Szilagyi, F., Horvath L. (2002): Environmental Impacts of the Gabcikovo Barrage System to the Szigetköz Region. - Journal Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 4(1): 54-64.

Szabó, A., Osztoics, A., Szilágyi F. (2001): Natural wastewater treatment in Hungary. - Water Sci. Technol. 44(11-12): 331-338.

Smith, S. E., Büttner, G., Szilágyi, F., Horváth, L., Aufmuth, J. (2000): Environmental Impacts of river diversion: Gabcikovo Barrage system. - Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 126 (3): 138-145.

Szilágyi F. (1998): Nádágyas szennyvíztisztítás. – “Környezetvédelem és Kutatás-Fejlesztés” Országos Környezetvédelmi Innovációs Konferencia Kiadványa, Budapest, 1998. május 12-14. pp. 25-27.

Ivádi L., Major B., Szilágyi F. (1998): Az eleveniszapos és a gyökérmezős szennyvíztisztítás összehasonlítása. – XVI. MHT Vándorgyűlés 1998. júl. 8-9., I. kötet, 414-428.

Szilágyi F. (1996): Gyökérmezős szennyvíztisztító telep Szügyben. – Önkormányzat, VI. évf. 11. szám, p. 28.

Kóbor I., Szilágyi F., Kovács Gy., és Gorzó Gy.(1995): A Kis-Balaton vízvédelmi rendszer I. üteme nitrogénforgalmának vizsgálata. - In: Pomogyi P.: Összefoglaló értékelés a Kis-Balaton védőrendszer 1991-1995. évi eredményeiről. 2. Kis-Balaton Ankét, Keszthely, 1996. szeptember 9-11. pp. 530-541.

Szilágyi F. (1994): Az éghajlatváltozás várható hatása a felszíni vizek minőségére. - In: Orlóczi I. (ed.): Az éghajlatváltozás hatása a hidrológiai és vízminőségi paraméterekre, VITUKI, Budapest, 59: 59-95.

Campbell, W.R., Nakatsu, C., Peel, M., Cashore, A., Ng, J. and Szilágyi, F. (1994): Distribution of the catabolic transposon Tn5271 in a groundwater bioremediation system. - Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 6: 86-93.

Gitelson, A., Garbuzov, G., Szilágyi, F., Mittenzwei, K-H.., Karnieli, A. (1993): Quantitative remote sensing methods for realtime monitoring inland water quality. - Int J. of Remote Sensing 14: 1269-1295.

Gitelson, A.A., Szilágyi, F. and Mittenzwey K.-H. (1993): Improving quantitative remote sensing for monitoring of inland water quality. - Water Res. 27: 1185-1194.

Szilágyi, F. (1992): A tatai Öreg-tó vízminőség-szabályozása (Water quality management of Lake Tata). - Limes 2: 5-28.

Zotter, K., Szilágyi, F. and Somlyódy, L. (1991): Evaluation of the quality of Hungarian Rivers: A need for biological assessment. - In: Proceedings of the International Conference on River Water Quality - Ecological Assessment and Control, Bruxelles, 16-18 December 1991, (in press)

Istvánovics, V., Herodek, S., Szilágyi, F. and Pomogyi, P. (1991): Phosphate retention in the Kis-Balaton protection system, a reconstructed wetland for eutrophication management of Lake Balaton, Hungary . - In: Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control (eds.: Cooper, P. F. and Findlater, B. C.): Advances in Water Pollution Control Series, IAWPRC, Pergamon Press, pp 579-582.

Szilágyi, F. (1991): Treatment of eutrophic waters. - In: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Eutrophication and Water Treatment, Brasilia, Brazil, 27-29 May 1991, (Manuscript)

Szilágyi, F. and Somlyódy, L. (1991): Potential impacts of climatic changes on water quality in lakes. - In: Proceedings of the IAHS Conference, Vienna, 11-22 August 1991

Szilágyi, F., Somlyódy, L., Herodek, S. and Istvánovics, V. (1990): The Kis-Balaton reservoir system as a means of controlling eutrophication of Lake Balaton, Hungary. In: Guidelines of Lake Management (eds.: Jørgensen, S. E. and Löfler, H.): ILEC-UNDP Handbook, Vol 3: Lakeshore Management, 127-151.

Gitelson, A. A., Szilágyi, F. and Garbuzov, G. P. (1990): Az a-klorofill koncentráció mérése felszín közeli távérzékeléssel (Estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration of surface waters by near-surface remote) sensing methods. - Vízügyi Közlemények 72: 142-153.

Somlyódy, L., Szilágyi, F., Major, J. (1990): The Kis Balaton reservoir: experiences of the first year operation. - Arch. Hydrobiol. Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 33: 919 (Abstract)

Szilágyi, F., Szabó, Sz. and Mándoki, M. (1989): A Velencei-tó rehabilitációja. – Vízügyi Közlemények .

Varga, Gy., Michels, G., Szilágyi, F., Tubákos, É., Bozó, P. and Vadász, V. (1989): Investigation by Landsat MSS and TM images used for water quality monitoring at Lake Balaton In: Proceedings of 3rd Hungarian Conference on Satellite Remote Sensing, OMSZ, Budapest, pp. 424-438.

Istvánovics, V., Herodek, S. and Szilágyi, F. (1989): Phosphate absorption by different fractions in Lake Balaton and its protecting reservoirs. - Water Research 23: 1357-1366.

Szilágyi, F., Szabó, Sz. and Mándoki, M. (1989): Restoration of Lake Velence, Hungary. - In: Conservation and Management of Lakes (eds.: Salánki, J. and Herodek, S.), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, pp 529-545.

Gitelson, A. A., Szilágyi, F. and Garbuzov, G. P. (1989): Hydro-optical model to investigate some water quality components. - In: Conservation and Management of Lakes (eds.: Salánki, J. and Herodek, S.), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, pp 141-155.

Licskó, I. and Szilágyi, F. (1988): A nitrát adszorpciója aktívszénen (Adsorption of nitrate on activated carbon). - Vizügyi Közl 70: 423-433.

Gitelson, A. A. and Szilágyi, F. (1988): Radiomodellek eutróf és mezotróf vizekre (Radiomodels for eutrophic and mesotrophic water bodies). - Isledovanie Zemli is Kosmosa 6: 72-80. (oroszul, in Russian)

Szilágyi, F., Somlyódy, L. and Koncsos, L. (1987): Operation of the Kis-Balaton reservoir: Evaluation of nutrient removal rates. - In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Trophic Relationship in Inland Waters, Tihany, Hungary, 1-4 September, 1987

Gitelson, A. A., Nikanorov, A. M., Szabó, G. and Szilágyi, F. (1986): Vízminőségi vizsgálatok távérzékeléssel (Water quality measurements using remote sensing techniques). - In: Monitoring to detect changes in water quality series (ed. Lerner, D.), IAHS Publication, No. 157: 111-123. (in French)

Szabó, G., Szilágyi, F., Büttner, G. and Remetei-Fülöpp, G. (1985): Usefulness of LANDSAT data for remote sensing of the water quality of Lake Fertő. BFB-Bericht 55: 9-17. (in German)

Lijklema, L., Gelencsér, P., Szilágyi, P. and Somlyódy, L. (1986): Sediment and its interaction with water. - In: Modelling and Managing Shallow Lake Eutrophication (eds.: Somlódy, L. and van Straten G.), Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-16227-5, pp 156-183.

Gelencsér, P., Szilágyi, F., Somlyódy, L. and Lijklema, L. (1982): A study on the influence of sediment in the phosphorous cycle in Lake Balaton. - IIASA CP-82-44, Laxenburg, Austria

Lijklema, L., Gelencsér, P. and Szilágyi, F. (1982): Sediment and sediment-water interaction. - In: Proceedings of a Workshop (eds.: Somlyódy, L., Herodek, S., Fisher, J.) MTA/IIASA/OVH/SZTAKI 29 August to 3 September 1982, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria

Berestovski, I. F., Gitelson, A. A., Szabó, G. and Szilágyi, F. (1984): Távérzékeléses mérések magyar és szovjet tesztterületeken (Remote sensing measurements on selected water bodies in Hungary and USSR). - Isledivanie Zemli is Cosmosa 5: 107-112. (oroszul, in Russian)

Szabó, G. and Szilágyi, F. (1984): LANDSAT űrfelvételek hasznosíthatósága a Balaton vízminőség-védelmében (The comparison of LANDSAT images used for water quality protection at Lake Balaton). - Vizügyi Közlemények 66: 401-416.

Hoffman, I., Szilágyi, F. and Gitelson, A. A. (1984): Önműködő, mozgó vízminőség ellenőrző rendszerek alkalmazása a Balatonon (Application of automatic, mobile systems in water quality investigations). - Vízügyi Közlemények 66: 126-133.

Szilágyi, F. (1982): A klorofill mérés módszereinek összehasonlítása (Comparison of the methods of chlorophyll measurement). - Vizügyi Közlemények 64: 85-99.

Farkas, I., Szilágyi, F. and Tóth, L. (1981): Preliminary report on the comparative studies of the epiphyta populations of bacteria on the reeds of Keszthely, Tihany and Kenese region of Lake Balaton, Hungary. - MTA Biol. Oszt. Közl. 25: 327-337.

Szilágyi, F., Tóth, L. and Hoffman, I. (1981): A felkeveredés hatása a Balaton vizének néhány formált komponensére (The effect of resuspension on some of the particulate components in the water of Lake Balaton). - Vízügyi Közlemények 63: 521-536.

Reports

Preliminary proposal for the typological elements of the hungarian surface waters

(2001)

Abstract

Hungary is a part of Danube basin, and totally belongs to Hungarian Great Plain ecoregion. There are strong governmental efforts to join the EU that is why the government decided to implement the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in Hungary. Hungary is in special situation in Europe, because 95 % of the waters come from abroad. There are large plains and medium height mountains. The implementation of WFD should be based on the following structure: (1) establishment of typology; (2) identification of water bodies; (3) identification of human impacts; (4) identification of reference conditions,

indicators and limit values; (5) categorization of water bodies; (6) establishment of monitoring system. This procedure should be made by iteration in order to achieve the final system. The experiences in other EU countries should be taken into account to make the implementation comparable with other countries (at least in the Danube basin). The typology of waters is an important step in this procedure.

The typology of surface waters in Hungary should be based on the following principles: (1) the typology should meet the requirement of WFD; (2) specific Hungarian conditions should be taken into account; (3) simple typology should be made in order to get manageable number of types and reference sites; (4) selection of integrated typological characteristics are necessary; (5) fusionable categories at each factors if necessary when we have more detailed classification in order to fit other countries; (6) easily measurable factors should be selected because of the cost implications; (7) a modified system “B” should be applied. A preliminary typology for surface water has been established in Hungary, which has not been approved yet by the government.

In case of flowing waters for altitude typology, we suggest to apply two more classes: 200-500 m and 500-800 m because of our lowland characteristics. At least two optional factors should be applied beside the fixed ones: (1) water discharge; (2) water velocity. The buffer capacity, the chloride ion concentrations of the water and the sediment transport should not be taken into account for a while. All these factors can be used as reference indicators. We are at the end of the work in which the validation of System “A” plus two optional parameters is ongoing for Hungarian rivers.

In case of standing waters (lakes) all fixed factors would be used. The only modification would be to divide the altitude typology of 200-800 m into two parts as it was described at flowing waters. Beside the fixed factors, we would use the residence time as an optional factor. It is suggested also to use two new and integrated optional factors: (1) climatic water balance and (2) ratio of water level fluctuation to water depth. The buffer capacity, the chloride ion concentration, the composition of soil, the average water temperature and range should not be included in typology. The quality of the bed material would be a desirable optional factor. The background loading should be later included after developing methods for its estimation. The application of mixing characteristics is a question. They are strongly determined by water surface and depth of standing waters, which are already involved factors, and it is not suggested to increase the number of types and the necessary reference sites. From other side, mixing characteristics determine very much the ecological character of the standing waters (difference between shallow and deep lakes).

In summary: it can be stated that application of a modified system “B” would be suitable for Hungary which takes into account the (1) goals of typology of WFD, (2) collection of the only necessary information for further steps of application; (3) acceptable expenses of the WFD application and running.

1. Introduction

Presently only about 2% of the Hungarian territory is covered with surface waters comprising predominantly of stagnant waters (FFB 1998). The primary aim of EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the protection of water resources (WFD 2000). The first step according to this objective, as the WFD suggests the survey and characterization of water resources. Related to surface waters the WFD prescribes the categorization of waters and related to this the designation of reference areas (or reference states). Preparation of water management plans is required in order to determine the set of measures necessary to achieve good state or potential (state near to reference state). The paper addresses the first step of the process targeting the elaborate a preliminary proposal for surface water typology tailored to Hungarian conditions in harmony with WFD.

The WFD leaves open many questions consigning to Member States the further development as it is reflected in the complexion of framework directive. International task groups are working on many areas of the introduction of the WFD to achieve uniform, unequivocally accepted inauguration of WFD all over the Union. Proposals of the EU working groups will be highly important (CIS WG 2.1 2002, REFCOND 2002, IMPRESS 2002, HMWB 2002, etc.).

The paper focuses on the most important elements of typology and elaboration of viewpoints concerning the special Hungarian conditions. The paper shows the situation in typology according to the beginning of year 2002. No further development in typology was done in 2002. Final elaboration is expected to be completed either by the end of this year. Finalization has to take into account the suggestions as issued by the relevant EU task group.

2. Principles and boundary conditions

2.1 Basic definitions

The paper uses the following definitions according to the WFD (2000).

“Surface water” Surface water means inland waters, except groundwater; transitional waters and coastal waters, except in respect of chemical status for which it shall also include territorial waters.

“Groundwater” denotes all water, which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoils all of the subsurface waters that are located in the saturated zone and having direct contact with soil or subsoil layers.

“Inland water” means all standing or flowing water on the surface of the land, and all groundwater on the landward side of the baseline from which the breadth of territorial waters is measured.

“River” means a body of inland water flowing for the most part on the surface of the land but which may flow underground for part of its course.

“Lake” means a body of standing inland surface water.

“Artificial water body” means a body of surface water created by human activity.

“Heavily modified water body” means a body of surface water, which as a result of physical alterations by human activity is substantially changed in character, as, designated by the Member State in accordance with the provisions of Annex II.

“Body of surface water” means a discrete and significant element of surface water such as a lake, a reservoir, a stream, river or canal, part of a stream, river or canal, transitional water or a stretch of coastal water.

“River basin” means the area of land from which all surface run-off flows through a sequence of streams, rivers and, possibly, lakes into the sea at a single river mouth, estuary or delta.

“Sub-basin” means the area of land from which all surface run-off flows through a series of streams, rivers and, possibly, lakes to a particular point in a watercourse (normally a lake or a river confluence).

“River basin district” means the area of land and sea, made up of one or more neighboring river basins together with their associated groundwater and coastal waters, which is identified under Article 3(1) as the main unit for management of river basins.

“Surface water status” is the general expression of the status of a body of surface water, determined by the poorer of its ecological status and its chemical status.

“Good surface water status” means the status achieved by a surface water body when both its ecological status and its chemical status are at least “good”.

“Ecological status” is an expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems associated with surface waters, classified in accordance with Annex V.

“Good ecological status” is the status of a body of surface water, so classified in accordance with Annex V.

“Good surface water chemical status” means the chemical status required to meet the environmental objectives for surface waters established in Article 4(1)(a), that is the chemical status achieved by a body of surface water in which concentrations of pollutants do not exceed the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX and under Article 16(7), and under other relevant Community legislation setting environmental quality standards at Community level.

“Quantitative status” is an expression of the degree to which a body of groundwater is affected by direct and indirect abstractions.

“Hazardous substances” means substances or groups of substances that are toxic, persistent and liable to bio-accumulate, and other substances or groups of substances which give rise to an equivalent level of concern.

“Priority substances” means substances identified in accordance with Article 16(2) and listed in Annex X. Among these substances there are “priority hazardous substances” which means substances identified in accordance with Article 16(3) and (6) for which measures have to be taken in accordance with Article 16(1) and (8).

“Pollutant” means any substance liable to cause pollution, in particular those listed in Annex VIII.

“Direct discharge to groundwater” means discharge of pollutants into groundwater without percolation throughout the soil or subsoil.

“Pollution” means the direct or indirect introduction, as a result of human activity, of substances or heat into the air, water or land which may be harmful to human health or the quality of aquatic ecosystems or terrestrial ecosystems directly depending on aquatic ecosystems, which result in damage to material property, or which impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment.

2.2 Principles

2.2.1. Ecological principle

There is no direct assignment to ecological principles in the text of WFD. The directive suggest that water bodies have became different to their natural state as the results of anthropogenic effects and their rehabilitation is only possible upon the reduction of human impacts. Assessment of state of water bodies is predominantly based on ecological parameters.

Let us consider how the WFD could be interpreted in the light of ecological knowledge. The ecological basis of the WFD could be the principle of complementarity that denotes the mutual expound of the environmental spectrum (milieu spectrum) and the endurance of living things (tolerance spectrum). Ecological methodology divides nature into biotic and abiotic elements from the point of investigation. Phenomena of abiotic nature are directly and intimately interrelated with each other. Change of one factor is followed by the change of another factor related to previous one. Living organisms are relatively independent to external factors (homeostatic regulation). This inherent stability is relative as the permanent changes in environmental factors are sooner or later are followed by the transformation of living assemblages. Consequently it is concluded that abiotic factors bear information predominantly on the state of the environment while biotic factors could reflect the effects of longer-term changes (Dévai et al. 1992).

Abiotic factors are reflecting primarily physical, chemical, morphological, etc. environmental factors while the composition of biocenosis are also represents the interactions of living things beside external environmental factors. In case of the WFD the predominance of this basic principle can be shown as follows: (Figure 1).

Control of Eutrophication

Water quality of Hungarian lakes and reservoirs (1998)

A comprehensive review of the status of Hungarian standing waters was made in the frame of the project. A proposal was developed for the classification system for Hungarian standing waters. Main water quality problems were outlined.

Water quality management of Általér Creek (1998)

The water quality of Általér creek has been evaluated in the light of the newly collected data. Main environmental problems and target environmental statuses were determined. The proposed environmental management of the watershed was outlined.

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH ON LAKE BALATON FROM 1985 TO 1990 (1991)

Over the five-year period a number of Hungarian institutions have been engaged in research on Lake Balaton. From this work over 130 project reports and 200 publications were produced. Relying on these the scientific results on Lake Balaton were summarized into a comprehensive assessment, on the basis of which the main fields of research on Lake Balaton were outlined and, a proposal was submitted outlining the tasks still to be accomplished and their order of priority.

Client: The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Water Management, Budapest, Hungary

HYDROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON GUANABARA BAY, RJ, BRASIL (1997)

The work was based on the previously collected data and information from the bay and additional data collection in order to develop water quality management model for Guanabara Bay which will be useful in planning the water quality management of other bays like Sepatiba Bay. The objectives of the work were the followings:

To support the mathematical modeling work with data and information on nutrient cycles in the bay (phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen).
To analyze the phytoplankton dynamics in the bay with special reference to cyanobacterial blooms (causes and consequences, long-term, seasonal and spatial changes).
To analyze the mass balance and in-bay cycles for the more important nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus, transformation and transport processes, fluxes).
To determine the past, present and possible future nutrient limitation in the bay and analyze the spatial and (if it is possible) seasonal changes.

Client: UNDP

WATER-SEDIMENT INTERACTION IN LAKE BALATON (1981-1985)

For controlling the quality of water in eutrophic lakes a better understanding and control of the internal phosphorus load is of paramount importance. Measurements were carried out to describe quantitatively and to explore the variations in space and time of the phosphor mass flow processes in Lake Balaton. The magnitude of the internal phosphorus load was estimated and recommendations were developed for the potential alternatives of minimizing the internal loading rate.

Client: The National Water Authority, Budapest, Hungary

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY OF THE ENGINEERING MEASURES ON LAKE VELENCE (1984)

Extensive dredging operations were undertaken between the early sixties and the mid-eighties at Lake Velence 25 km² surface area with the aim of checking eutrophication of the lake. In the course of these works round 9 million m³ of bottom sediment were removed. Parallel thereto methodical and detailed water quality and hydrobiological studies were carried out. These included a review of the engineering work performed and the assessment of the water quality data series for the impacts of these measures in the quality of lake water.

Client: The National Water Authority, Budapest, Hungary

BIOLOGICAL MASS BALANCE OF THE DANUBE AND THE SZIGETKÖZ AREA (1989-1992)

As part of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros River Dam Project a reservoir of 60 km² surface area was envisaged on the Szigetköz stretch of the Danube. The studies related to the future reservoir resulted in quantitative estimates on the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus flows controlling water quality and on the variations in space and time of these processes. Based on the results obtained the baseline conditions were established and the water quality in the reservoir was prognosticated.

Client: The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

LAKE TATA RENOVATION PROJECT (1991)

Lake Tata (surface area: 2 km², water depth: 2 m, watershed area 521 km²) showed extensive planktonic eutrophication in the last decades due to the significant socio-economic development of its watershed. The yearly maximal a-chlorophyll concentration of the water often exceed the hypertrophic 500 mg/m³ value. The lake has a unique feature, because it is situated within the downtown of Tata (approximately 25,000 inhabitants) and it is used for fishing and recreation. The municipality was in charge to improve the water quality of the lake to allow the bathing, because a significant decrease of income from tourism appeared in the last decade. An action program containing water management strategy was developed within the project including proposed measures, associated costs, timing, and scaling in order to get the target water quality level of the lake allowing bathing.

Client: Tata Environmental Protection Company

OSTOROS RESERVOIR RENOVATION PROJECT (1991)

Ostoros reservoir, situated in Northern Hungary showed hydrological problems and cyanobacterial planktonic eutrophication in summer months. The reservoir is for water supply and fishing. A research program was conducted containing morphological, geological characterization of the reservoir, estimation of the water discharge rates, water and sediment quality analyses, nutrient loading estimates.

Client: VITUKINVEST Ltd, Budapest, Hungary

MÁRTÉLY BACKWATER RENOVATION PROJECT (1991)

The backwater of River Tisza at Mártély is a unique recreational area of the town of Szeged (approximately 190,000 inhabitants). The water body of the backwater showed planktonic eutrophication in summer months. A research program was conducted containing morphological, geological, hydrogeological characterization of the reservoir, estimation of the water discharge rates, water and sediment quality analyses, nutrient loading estimates.

Client: VITUKINVEST Ltd, Budapest, Hungary

GÉBÁRT RESERVOIR RENOVATION PROJECT (1993)

Gébárt reservoir (surface area: 30 ha, average water depth: 3 m) showed cyanobacterial planktonic eutrophication in summer months. The yearly maximal a-chholophyll concentration of the water often exceed the hypertrophic 100 mg/m³ value. The reservoir is a recreational place of the town of Zalaegerszeg (approximately 65,000 inhabitants) and it is used for fishing and recreation. The municipality was in charge to improve the water quality of the reservoir. An action program containing water management strategy was developed within the project including proposed measures, associated costs, timing, and scaling in order to get the target water quality level of the lake allowing bathing.

Client: ÖKO Rt, Budapest, Hungary

LAKE HÉVÍZ PROJECT (1993)

Lake Hévíz is a crater lake supplied with several coldwater and warmwater springs in Western Hungary. The lake has a high medical value and it is very popular among the local and Western European tourists. Regular water chemical and hydrobiological investigations were carried out in the Lake in order to follow the medical effectiveness of the lake water. Evaluation of the data was done.

Client: Hospital of Hévíz

Water Treatment Technologies

Technology for ammonia removal from wastewater and drinking water (1985)

A new technology was developed for ammonia removal from raw drinking water and wastewater in a combined treatment using zeolites and chemicals. The technology was tested with a treated wastewater of a chemical factory having an ammonia concentration of 150 mg/L.

Client: The National Research-Development Committee (OMFB) , Budapest, Hungary

Biological nitrate, nitrite and ammonia removal from waters (1985)

A new technology was developed for biological nitrate, nitrite and ammonia removal from wastewaters and drinking waters. The technology was tested in laboratory and pilot scales.

Client: The National Research-Development Committee (OMFB) , Budapest, Hungary

Treatment of eutrophic waters (1991)

The influence of the trophic level on the treatment of surface waters was studied. The treatment operation required at different trophic levels of the raw water were developed by a cost-benefit approach. The results were used in analyzing three reservoir alternatives for improving drinking water supply in some districts of
Brasilia town using the water of Sau Bartolomeu River.

Client: UNDP (consulting assignment)

Domestic wastewater treatment in natural systems

In Hungary round 4 million m³ of sewage produced daily, no more than about 40% receive some kind (mechanical, or mechanical plus biological) of treatment. The remaining volume is disposed of either on more or less perfectly sealed drying beds, or discharged directly into the recipients. Round 3,000 communities in the country have no sewer network. Hungary is faced with a shortage of capital and with the difficulties of restructuring the economy and industry alike. Owing to the lack of funds, the chances of solving the problems of sewerage and sewage treatment by the conventional two- or three-stage technologies appear to be slight. This applies particularly to the medium and small communities (with populations under 25 000), where the construction of regional sewer networks is very expensive, while the unit costs of conventional sewage treatment in locally operated facilities are high. On the other hand, the introduction of simple sewage treatment methods which involve low capital and operating costs, which are simple to operate, which function also in the low capacity ranges and the effluents from which comply with the relevant emission standards may offer an acceptable temporary solution. The natural methods of treatment have been used in the past for upgrading the quality of biologically treated effluents as the tertiary stage of treatment, but presently these are used increasingly in combination (e.g. lagoon or stabilization ponds + root-zone or sand filtration technologies) or for the treatment of settled sewage. The factors contributing to the growing popularity of the natural methods of sewage treatment may be listed as follows: (1) Low capital, operating and maintenance costs relative to the activated sludge methods; (2) No special skills are needed for their efficient operation; (3) The low power demand; (3) The need for building extensive regional sewer networks is obviated, the sewage from small communities can be treated on a local, natural facility; (4) Some types are definitely compatible with the environment. This study was based on a review of the professional literature on the subject and pursues the following objectives:

Review of the natural methods of sewage treatment as potential alternatives for the replacement of the conventional methods of biological treatment.
Evaluation of the main operating parameters of these treatment methods.
Analysis of the efficiency of these treatment methods in the removal of the main water quality parameters.
Analysis of the costs of natural treatment and comparing the cost items with those of conventional biological sewage treatment (investment, operating and maintenance costs).

Client: World Bank

Operation Experiences at Szügy Root-zone Sewage Treatment Plant (1994-1997)

In the 1,450 inhabitant village Szügy in North Hungary, a natural sewage treatment plant was built to provide treatment for the sewage drained from the community. The original designs envisaged a double compartment sedimentation tank, two reed-beds 650 m² each, a 1 hectare wetland and a disinfection basin. The sedimentation tank, the wetland and the disinfection basin were designed for an ultimate capacity of 200 m³/d, while the reed-beds for a total capacity of 100 m³/d. The typical raw sewage quality parameters during the two-year pilot operation were as follows: chromate chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr): 848 mg/L, five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅): 331 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN): 168 mg/L, ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N): 129 mg/L, total phosphorus (TP): 26.1 mg/L, phosphate-phosphorus (PO₄-P): 7.4 mg/L, carbon-tetrachloride extract (CCl₄-extr.): 31 mg/L, anion-active detergents (ANA-det.): 10.3 mg/L, total suspended solids (TSS): 589 mg/L, total bacteria at 20 ^oC (TB20): 51 million i/mL, total bacteria at 37 ^oC (TB37): 25 million i/mL, coliform bacteria (CF): 2,600 i/mL, faecal coliform bacteria (FCF): 1,800 i/mL, faecal streptococci (FSC): 36,000 i/mL. The organic removal efficiency of the Szügy STP was classified satisfactory. During the pilot operation the mean removal efficiencies for COD_Cr and BOD₅ were 82 % and 84 %, respectively. The average removal rate for TSS was over 90 %, close to 80 % for TP and 30 % for TN. The removal rates for main dissolved plant nutrients, NH₄-N and PO₄-P, were 50 % and 68 %, respectively. The STP retained 89 % of the CCl₄-extr. and 62 % of the ANA detergents. The efficiency of bacteria removal was invariably higher than 90 %, but the efficiencies close to 100 % were also often registered. The efficiency figures are comparable to those reported for similar facilities operated well in other parts of the world, nevertheless, problems have been encountered with plant operation. The quality of the STP effluent has failed on several occasions and with respect to some parameters, in particular the organic matter, NH₄-N and TP concentrations, to comply with the limit values specified in the discharge standards for this particular area. The other problem was that the water conductivity of the reed-beds started to decrease.

Client: Szügy Municipality, Hungary

Technology for ammonia and fluoride removal from wastewater at GE Lighting Tungsram plc (1998)

A new technology was developed based on laboratory experiments for ammonia and fluoride removal from raw wastewater of a factory of GE Lighting Tungsram plc. The technological parameters of the pilot scale experiments have been determined.

Client: GE Lighting Tungsram plc , Budapest, Hungary

River Basin Management

Általér Watershed Renovation Project (1993)

Általér Creek is the main tributary of the Lake Tata, Hungary having an average discharge rate of 1.2 m³/s. The watershed of the Általér has been highly degraded due to the industrial and mining and intensive agricultural activity in the last 4-5 decades. The water quality of the creek is deteriorated and the nutrient loading of the Lake Tata caused by the creek is high. Lake Tata and the town of Tata is of high touristical potential, because they are situated by the highway between Vienna and Budapest. A complex water quality renovation project was conducted in order to improve the water quality of the Általér Creek including the following items: (1) technological issues (technical action plan for controlling eutrophication), (2) legislative and institutional background for support the proposed technical measures, (3) marketing and financing possibilities.

Client: Semcor Europe Ltd, , Budapest, Hungary

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATION IN HUNGARY - RIVER BASIN APPROACH: THE ZALA CASE STUDY (1997)

The Zala watershed situated totally in Hungary and the river has a recipient (Lake Balaton) sensitive to nutrient loadinds and to eutrophication. Moreover the tourism of Lake Balaton is very important source of national revenue. The total number of inhabitants is 171,593 in the watershed. The largest settlement is Zalaegerszeg with 62,349 inhabitants. The other small towns are much less populated. Only 28 settlements have more than 1000 inhabitants. Total number of dwellings is 63,755, most of them are connected to water supply (86 %). A study was conducted to analyze the pollution sources, to estimate the loads arising from the several types of pollution sources, to determine the target water quality criteria for the River Zala, to estimate the role of the Kis-Balaton wetland system in decreasing the nutrient loads of the river. Management alternatives were set up and tested using REWARD model. The cheapest solution among the Alternatives is when half the sewage is collected, while the other half is used in the fields. The most expensive, but not the most effective version when canalization is a 100 % and BAT is functioning at all sewage treatment plants. In a shorter time period (up to 2002.) introduction of BAT can be suggested at all existing sewage treatment plant with an effluent standard of 0.5 mg/l for TP. At the same time diffuse loading should also be significantly decreased. Means of this can be the radical decrease of fertilizer use, the decreasing of load deriving from animal husbandry, and the decreasing of washing-in by erosion. At a longer time period (until 2010) the sewerage and the sewage treatment system of the watershed should be developed according to the Master Plan for Sewage Treatment and the BAT should be introduced at all new sewage treatment facilities with 0.5 mg/l effluent TP concentration. Sewage collection and treatment system of the settlements smaller than 1,000 inhabitants should be developed by newly designed septic tanks or natural treatment systems and/or disposal of sewage on agricultural land should be considered.

Client: DHV Hungary Ltd. , Budapest, Hungary

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND LEGISLATION IN HUNGARY - RIVER BASIN APPROACH: THE Szeged CASE STUDY (1997)

The town of Szeged is situated Southern Hungary and was selected as a case study area for the above project, because a relatively large town with no sewage treatment discharge the produced sewage into a river having a large dilution capacity. The total loads produced in the town of Szeged, Hungary, 12,240 t/y for COD, 1,385 t/y for TN and 319 t/y for TP. About half of the COD load in the test area originates from sewage water, a quarter from the industrial waste water, and an other quarter from animal keeping. About 60 % of the total nitrogen load is of communal origin, while 26 % originates from livestock, and 14 % from the industry. 56 % of the total phosphorus load is of communal origin, while the source of 36 % is livestock, and 8 % comes from the industry. Consequently, 75 % of the total nitrogen and COD pollution, and 64 of the total phosphorus pollution may be controlled by sewage treatment. The total pollution, caused by livestock may represent a considerable part, even in a city with a population of nearly 190,000 people. At present this pollution is uncontrolled, with most of it probably polluting groundwater. The quality of water in the Tisza at Szeged, is not determined by the sewage water coming from the town, but by the load the river gets on the stretch that is above the town of Szeged. Consequently, the improvement of the water quality to a standard that stands up to the international requirements and to our obligations in that direction does not depend on purifying the sewage water of Szeged, but much rather on the complex arrangement of the river stretch within the borders of Hungary. The treatment of the town's sewage water is only one - but not negligible - element of this process. In the frame of this project, potential for cost effectiveness analysis across sanitation alternatives is limited. Sanitation alternatives for each case study usually aim at different objectives. Furthermore, the ratio of canalization correspondingly the volume of collected waste water is changing across sanitation alternatives. Cost effectiveness analysis of such alternatives would require to consider impact on both underground and surface water resources. Concentrating on surface water quality impact alone would yield results as some sanitation alternatives require high investment cost (canalization and high level of treatment) and still do not decrease significantly or even increase pollution load into surface water. The following sanitation alternatives were evaluated. Alternative 1: The situation remains as it is at the present, with the sewage water flowing into the Tisza without treatment, with a collection rate of 65 %. Alternative 1/a: collection rate is 85 %, and there is no sewage treatment. Alternative 1/b: collection rate is 85 %, and sewage is cleaned only mechanically. Alternative 2: collection rate is 85 % and sewage water is collected and is let into the Tisza, after mechanical and biological treatment. Alternative 3: collection rate is 85 % in effect, the collected sewage water goes through a process of mechanical and biological treatment, with additional P/N removal. Alternative 4: Sewerage is practically fully developed, and the collected sewage water, after mechanical and biological treatment, with additional P/N removal. Alternative 5: The collection rate is 65 %, the collected sewage is treated mechanically, biologically and P/N removal is introduced too. In a long term period, the Alternative 3 may be suggested, which corresponds to the plans worked out for the Municipal Council. This alternative supported by the Municipality and the relevant regional authorities but did not meet the totally the opinion of the water users (firms and population). Due to the fact that the development of public utilities means such a great burden, the expansion of the sewage plant to the capacity indicated in these plans, would need to be phased in time. Scheduling should not be according to the capacity, but according to the extent to which the different stages of treatment have been built. As a first step, only the mechanical capacity should be built to the extent marked in the plans, and only after that should the biological, and finally the additional P and N removal be built.

Client: DHV Hungary Ltd. , Budapest, Hungary

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental impact assessment for port developments of a MAHART Shipping Company by the Lake Balaton (1998-2001)

Environmental impact assessment was made for several ports owned by MAHART Shipping Company by the Lake Balaton, Hungary in order to analyze the impacts of the planned developments in the existing ports. The EIAs were made according to Hungarian legislation rules.

Biological impact assessment for development options at Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary (1998)

The potential biological impacts developments planned in Paks Nuclear Power Plant a were investigated within the project. Evaluation of biological and chemical data was made analyzing the impacts of heat pollutions on phytoplankton, zooplankton, water quality and some other parameters in River Danube at the town Paks, Hungary.

Client: Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary

Biological impact assessment for development options at AES-Tisza II. Steam Power Plant, Hungary (1998)

The potential biological impacts developments planned in AES-Tisza II. Steam Power Plant at Tiszaújváros were investigated within the project. Biological and chemical investigations were made at the site and in laboratory analyzing the impacts of heat pollutions on phytoplankton, zooplankton, water quality and some other parameters in River Tisza, Hungary.

Client: Deloitte and Touche plc, Budapest, Hungary

Impact assessment of the sewage treatment plant of the village of Budajenő, Hungary (1994)

Investigations were made in Budajeno Creek in order to assess the impact of the operation of a new sewage treatment plant effluent on the water quality of the creek. The investigations were extended to hydrological, water chemical and hydrobiological characteristics of the creek. Loading estimates were performed for the different kind of nutrient forms. The environmental effects of the sewage discharge were analyzed.

Client: S+H Biogest Ltd. , Budapest, Hungary

Impact assessment of the dredging activity at keszthely, Lake Balaton, Hungary (1980-83, 1993-1996)

Dredging activity was performed in Keszthely Bay, Lake Balaton, Hungary in order to decrease the nutrient flux from the sediment and to improve the water quality in the western part of the lake which showed extensive eutrophication. Deep dredging of the sediment was done in the early 80s while thin-layer dredging was performed in the 90s. The impacts of the dredging were analyzed during laboratory and field measurements and experiments.

Client: National Water Authority, Budapest, Hungary (1980-1983), West-Transdanubian Water Authority, Székesfehérvár, Hungary (1993-1996)

Water quality impact assessment (WQIA) of the hazardous waste disposal of Pécs Tannery factory, Hungary (1993)

WQIA was made in order to estimate the environmental impacts of the hazardous waste disposal site of Pécs Tannery Factory in Southern Hungary. The EIA was necessary for the privatization of the factory. The history of the waste disposal, the effects of the disposal on the surface and ground waters, soil structure, geology, hydrogeology of the area, odor problems and the technology of the waste disposal were evaluated.

Client: State Privatization Agency, Budapest, Hungary

Wetland Management

STUDIES ON THE CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY AND MASS FLOW IN THE
KIS-BALATON WETLAND SYSTEM (1985-1988)

With the objective of checking the process of eutrophication over the 600 km² surface of Lake Balaton, a retention pond of 18 km² surface area called Hídvég reservoir of the Kis-Balaton wetland system was built in 1985 at the downstream end of river Zala which contributes round one-third to the nutrient load on the lake. Beyond performing water quality and mass flow measurements, VITUKI was also responsible for providing professional coordination of the hydrologic, hydraulic, water quality and ecological research activities on the retention pond by over ten form of annual reports.

Client: The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Water Management, Budapest, Hungary

Nutrient cycle measurements were made in Kis-Balaton wetland system including the following biological activities: (1) primary production, (2) bacterial production, (3) nitrogen fixation, (4) denitrification, (5) nitrification, (6) ammonification, (7) H₂S and methane production, (8) chemical composition of the water, (9) phytoplankton composition, (10) bacteriological investigations, (11) P adsorption and desorption on the soil and sediment particles, (12) P and N uptake by the plankton. Mass flux estimations were made using the analytical results.

Client: Mid-Transdanubian Water Authority, Székesfehérvár, Hungary

Nutrient loading estimates for Kis-Balaton wetland system (1997)

Nutrient loading estimates were performed for Kis-Balaton wetland system, Hungary, in order to estimate the nutrient removal efficiency of the wetland system. The different pollution sources were mapped, emission, transmission and imission was estimated using existing data base and literature data.

Client: OVIBER Planning Company, Budapest, Hungary

Evaluation of the research reports connected to KIS-BALATON WETLAND SYSTEM (1999-2000)

Observations and investigations are made in every years by different Hungarian firms in order to improve the construction and termination of the Kis-Balaton Wetland System. The investigations are extended to the following fields: (1) nutrient cycles, (2) vegetation mapping, (3) data collection for nature protection, (4) other observations. Yearly reports are made by the responsible institutions. Review and evaluation of these reports and determination of the future tasks is the main topic of the project.

Client: West-Transdanubian Water Authority, Szombathely, Hungary

Yearly summary of the results of the investigations and researches on Kis Balaton WETLAND SYSTEM (1999-2000)

Many research projects, observations and investigations are carried out year to year at Kis-Balaton Wetland System every years. The water balance, chemical composition of water and sediment, structure of the living communities, nutrient removal efficiencies and other nutrient cycle investigations are carried out in the system. A yearly summary was made in every indicated years about the new results connecting to the Kis-Balaton Wetland System.

Client: West-Transdanubian Water Authority, Szombathely, Hungary

Family name:	SZILÁGYI
First name:	FERENC
Date of birth:	04 January 1954
Nationality	HUNGARIAN
Country of residence:	Hungary
Profession:	Hydrobiologist

Present position:	SENIOR Research Associate Budapest University of Technology and Economics Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering H-1111 Budapest, Muegyetem rkp. 3., Hungary Phone: +36 1 463-1535, Fax: +36 1 463-3753, E-mail: szilagyi@vkkt.bme.hu Internet: www.vkkt.bme.hu Managing Director ÖkoTech Environmental Consultants Ltd. H-1098 Budapest, Kosárka sétány 8., Hungary Phone/fax: +36 1 280-3612 E-mail: okotech@netquick.hu
Membership of professional bodies:	Hungarian Hydrological Society Hungarian Water and Wastewater Association